Carthaginian names: honoring Baal

Temple of Baalshamin, Palmyra, Syria
Baalshamin Temple in Palmyra, Syria, before it was destroyed by barbarians in 2015.

Right up until the destruction of their city [in 146 BC], Carthaginian parents still named their offspring from the same narrow pool as their ancestors had done, based on the names of Phoenician gods….The most famous Carthaginian name of all, Hannibal, means “The Grace of Baal,” while another popular one, Bodaštart, translates into “In the Hands of Astarte” (the Punic goddess of fertility). Names may also have been chosen for more precise meanings, such as the woman Abibaal (“My Father is Baal”), whose mother, Arišut-Ba’al (“Object of Desire of Baal”), may have been a temple prostitute of a priestess at the temple of the god.

Richard MilesCarthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization (Viking, New York, 2010), p 18

Julian Street on Georgia girls’ names in 1916


Such ways as those girls have! Such voices! Such eyes! And such names, too! Names which would not fit at all into a northern setting, relatively so hard and unsentimental, but which, when one becomes accustomed to them, take their place gracefully and harmoniously[Pg 395] in the southern picture. The South likes diminutives and combinations in its women’s names. Its Harriets, Franceses, Sarahs, and Marthas, become Hatties, Fannies, Sallies and Patsies, and Patsy sometimes undergoes a further transition and becomes Passie. Moreover, where these diminutives have been passed down for several generations in a family, their origin is sometimes lost sight of, and the diminutive becomes the actual baptismal name. In one family of my acquaintance, for example, the name Passie has long been handed down from mother to daughter. The original great-grandmother Passie was christened Martha but was at first called Patsy; then, because her black mammy was also named Patsy, the daughter of the house came to be known, for purposes of differentiation, as Passie, and when she married and had a daughter of her own, the child was christened Passie. In this family the name May has more recently been adopted as a middle name, and it is customary for familiars of the youngest Passie, to address her not merely as Passie, but as Passie-May. The inclusion of the second name, in this fashion, is another custom not uncommon in the South. In Atlanta alone I heard of ladies habitually referred to as Anna-Laura, Hattie-May, Lollie-Belle, Sally-Maud, Nora-Belle, Mattie-Sue, Emma-Belle, Lottie-Belle, Susie-May, Lula-Belle, Sallie-Fannie, Hattie-Fannie, Lou-Ellen, Allie-Lou, Clara-Belle, Mary-Ella, and Hattie-Belle. Another young lady was known to her friends as Jennie-D.

Julian Street, speaking of Georgia girls in the early 1900s, in American Adventures: A Second Trip “Abroad at Home (1916), ch. 18

Eileen Chang: Naming is a kind of creation

I myself have an unbearably vulgar name, am well aware of the fact, and have no plans to change it. But I remain extremely interested in people’s names.

To give someone a name is a simple and small-scale act of creation. When the patriarch of days gone by would sit in winter with his feet propped up on a foot-warming brazier, smoking a water-pipe, and pick out a name for a newly arrived grandson, his word was all. If the boy was called Guang-mei (Brighten the Threshold), he would end up doing his best to redound honor on the gates of the family house. If he was called Zhuyin (Ancestral Privilege) or Chengzu (Indebted to the Ancestor), he would be compelled always to remember his forebears. If he was called Hesheng (Lotus Born), his life would take on something of the coloring of a pond in June. Characters in novels aside, there aren’t many people whose names adequately describe what they are like in reality (and often the opposite is the case and the name represents something they need or lack– nine of ten poor people have names like Jingui [Gold Precious], Ah Fu [Richie], Dayou [Have a Lot]). But no matter how or in what manner, names inevitably become entangled with appearance and character in the process of creating a complete impression of a person. And this is why naming is a kind of creation.

I would like to give someone a name, even though I’ve yet to have the opportunity to do so….

Chinese novelist Eileen Chang (1920-1995) in her essay “What is essential is that names be right” from Written on Water (2005), translated from her book Liuyan (1968) by Andrew F. Jones. The essays were written in wartime Shanghai. The title refers to a famous quotation of Confucius.

Thank you to Nick who found the Chinese (below).

我自己有一个恶俗不堪的名字,明知其俗而不打算换一个,可是我对于人名实在是非常感到兴趣的。

为人取名字是一种轻便的,小规模的创造。旧时代的祖父,冬天两脚搁在脚炉上,吸着水烟,为新添的孙儿取名字,叫他什么他就是什么。叫他光楣,他就是努力光大门楣;叫他祖荫,叫他承祖,他就得常常记起祖父;叫他荷生,他的命里就多了一点六月的池塘的颜色。除了小说里的人,很少有人是名副其实的,(往往适得其反,名字代表一种需要,一种缺乏。穷人十有九个叫金贵,阿富,大有。)但是无论如何,名字是与一个人的外貌品性打成一片,造成整个的印象的。因此取名是一种创造。

我喜欢替人取名字,虽然我还没有机会实行过。。。

Charles Lamb: Choosing a name

Choosing A Name

I have got a new-born sister;
I was nigh the first that kissed her.
When the nursing woman brought her
to papa, his infant daughter,
how papa’s dear eyes did glisten!-
She will shortly be to christen:
and papa has made the offer,
I shall have the naming of her.

Now I wonder what would please her,
Charlotte, Julia, or Louisa.
Ann and Mary, they’re too common;
Joan’s too formal for a woman;
Jane’s a prettier name beside;
but we had a Jane that died.
They would say, if ’twas Rebecca,
that she was a little Quaker.
Edith’s pretty, but that looks
Better in old English books;
Ellen’s left off long ago;
Blanche is out of fashion now.

None that I have named as yet
are so good as Margaret.
Emily is neat and fine.
What do you think of Caroline?
How I’m puzzled and perplext
what to choose or think of next!
I am in a little fever.
Lest the name that I shall give her
should disgrace her or defame her,
I will leave papa to name her.

Charles Lamb (1775-1834)

Baby Name Wizard allows you to see the popularity of names over time

The curve for the name "Ruth"

The Baby Name Wizard allows you to see the popularity over time of various names. We tend to think that we like names because of something intrinsic about them, but actually it’s clear that fashion rules in names as in other areas of life. Would you still name your child after your great-grandmother if her name was Gertrude instead of Emma? Ruth was one of the most popular names early in the 20th century and almost no one (it’s probably due for a new run in about ten years).

In constrast, below is a popular name  from the other end of the century. “Mason” shares the same vowel as many other names popular currently– Aaron, Aidan, Braden, Caleb, Jaden,  Jacob, Nathan, etc. and for girls Ava, Ada, Bailey, Hailey, Kayleigh, Payton, etc. (If you think they’re not popular, ask a kindergarten mother.)

The popularity of Mason is so sudden that it will most likely fall off suddenly too, as those A names become a generation indicator like “Ruth” or “Debby” or “Jennifer” or “Madison.” Wonder what’s next?

Mason is one of the top ten for boys in the U.S. right now

Little girl named after cheese dish

A little girl in Belgium is named Lara Clette (la raclette is a cheese dish from the Alps) and the parents didn’t even notice until, the father told a reporter, “my father-in-law came to the hospital and said, ‘I thought you liked fondue better than raclette’…”

Nous n’avons jamais pensé à l’association du prénom avec mon nom. Ce n’est que lorsque mon beau-père est venu à la maternité et qu’il m’a dit: “ je croyais que tu préférais la fondue à la raclette ” que nous avons fait “ tilt ”. On a pensé changer le prénom dans les trois jours mais les infirmières nous ont dit qu’il était joli. Nous aussi, on l’aimait beaucoup….

Lyle Saxon on Cajun names, circa 1945

Painting by George Rodrigue (www.georgerodrigue.com)

Curious names are popular along the bayous. Some that graced heroic characters of Greece are hereditary among the Cajuns. Hundreds of males titled Achille, Ulysse, Alcide and Télémaque now row pirogues through Louisiana waterways. There is a penchant for nicknames. Even animals have them. Every cat is “Minou,” and every child is given some diminutive of his name. It is perfectly safe to say that no group of Cajuns ever assembled without a Doucette, a Bébé, a Bootsy or a Tooti among them. At one school a family of seven children, named Thérèse, Marie, Odette, Lionel, Sebastian, Raoul, and Laurie, were known even to their teachers as Ti-ti, Rie, Dette, Tank, Bos, Mannie and La-la. It is said that every Cajun family has a member known as “Coon.” Other families, like the Polites, give their offspring names that all start with the same letter. An “E” family might be, respectively, Ernest, Eugénie, Euphémie, Enzie, Earl, Elfert, Eulalie and Eupholyte.

However, there are comparatively few family names. There are literally thousands of Landrys, Broussards, Leblancs, Bourgeoises and Breaux, these being the largest families of Acadian descent in the state.

Lyle Saxon (1891-1946) in Gumbo Ya-Ya (pub. 1945)

Chinese girls’ names in Dream of the Red Chamber (Hong Lou Meng)

Zixing said, “So in the Jia household, the first three [girls] are not bad. Old Mr Zheng’s oldest daughter, whose name is ‘Beginning-of-Spring,’ because everyone praised her virtue and talents, was chosen to enter the imperial palace as a lady-in-waiting. The second daughter is the daughter of old Mr She by his wife, and her name is ‘Welcome-the-Spring.” The third young lady is the daughter of Mr Zheng by a concubine, and her name is ‘Seek-for-Spring.’ The fourth young lady is on the Ning Mansion side [i.e. not in the same branch of the family] and is the younger sister of Mr. Zhen. Her name is ‘Regretting-the-Spring’….

Yucun said, “It was so intelligent that in the Zhen family’, the girls’ names always used to be the same kind as the boys’, not the way other families named girls– with those ‘glamorous’ names like  ‘Spring’ or ‘Red’ or ‘Fragrant’ or ‘Jade.’ Why would the Jia family choose this kind of vulgar naming?”

The character "Min"

Zixing said, “It doesn’t. But because the oldest young lady was actually born on the first day of the year, she was called ‘Beginning-of-Spring,’ so the others were named following that, with the name ‘Spring.’ But the generation before that, the girls were named like their brothers. Now to prove it, take your employer’s wife Mrs Lin, who was from the Rong family, the full sister of Jia She [shè means Clemency] and Jia Zheng [zhèng means Rule]. Her name was was Jia Min [min means Clever]. If you don’t believe me, you can ask for yourself.”

Yucun hit the table and said laughing, “No wonder my girl student, whenever she reads the word ‘Min,’ always reads it as ‘Mi’ and always leaves off one or two strokes of the brush [there was a taboo on writing the full names of one’s parents and the emperor]. It puzzled me. Now I hear you say that, there’s no more mystery! ”

Cao Xueqin‘s Dream of the Red Chamber (Hong Lou Meng 紅樓夢 ) was written in the middle 1700s

子興道:「便是賈府中,現有的三個也不錯。政老爹的長女,名元春,現因賢孝才德,選入宮作女史去了。二小姐乃赦老爹之妾所出,名迎春;三小姐乃政老爹之庶出,名探春。四小姐乃寧府珍爺之胞妹,名喚惜春。。。」

雨村道:「更妙在甄家的風俗,女兒之名,亦皆從男子之名命字,不似別家另外用這些『春』『紅』『香』『玉』等艷字的。何得賈府亦樂此俗套﹖」

子興道:「不然。只因現今大小姐是正月初一日所生,故名元春,餘者方從了『春』字。上一輩的,卻也是從兄弟而來的。現有對証:目今你貴東家林公之夫人,即榮府中赦、政二公之胞妹,在家時名喚賈敏。不信時,你回去細訪可知。」

雨村拍案笑道:「怪道這女學生讀至書,凡中有『敏』字,她皆念作『密』字,每每如是;寫字遇著『敏』字,又減一二筆,我心中就有些疑惑。今聽你說的,是為此無疑矣!」